⌂ Atlas ☰ Read as a page The thread: How did the heirs of Idris Alooma hold his empire together, and why did the pashas of Tripoli end up asking Bornu for its trade?
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Key

Bornu and the Sayfawa mais The pashas of Tripoli The Fezzan The Hausa cities Kwararafa bond — succession, office, alliance conflict — war, revolt, prosecution

Sources & method

  1. R. Dewière, Du lac Tchad à la Mecque (2017), Prélude: the 1636–37 monopoly embassy, the 1647 refusal, the 1648 attempt to seize the sultan, the 1648–1653 rupture — source
  2. R. Dewière, 'Le Discours historique de l'estat du royaume de Borno', Afriques 04 (2013): the Tripoli captive's chronology, the 1653 restoration, Ismail's embassy of 1655 — source
  3. B. G. Martin, 'Maî Idrîs of Bornu and the Ottoman Turks, 1576–78', IJMES 3 (1972): Tahir's flight in 1622–23; Ali's Arabic letter of 1653 to Osman Pasha — source
  4. T. Hodgkin, Nigerian Perspectives (1960), p. 132: Dan Marina's ode to Mai Ali's victory over the Kwararafa, in Palmer's translation — source
  5. Umar III al-Maqdisi — Wikipedia (Tahir's drowning; the king-list dates) — source
  6. Muhammad VII Bukalmarami and Ibrahim III Gumsami — Wikipedia (the chronicles' portraits of the two brothers) — source
  7. Ali III Walamma — Wikipedia (Barth's dates for the pilgrimages of 1648 and 1656) — source
  8. Galadima — Wikipedia (Brenner's account of the first Galadima at Nguru) — source
  9. Mehmed Saqizli and Osman Saqizli — Wikipedia (the two pashas from Chios) — source
  10. Muhammad Kukuna — Wikipedia (the Kano Chronicle on the Kwararafa at Kano's gate) — source
Method. The chain of people follows a sourced account of the polity, 1600–1660; every claim the narration makes was checked against the sources above. Borders: historical-basemaps (A. Ourednik, GPL-3.0), the c.1600 snapshot, simplified — schematic, the right states in roughly the right places. Territorial changes: modern provinces (Natural Earth) or later snapshots standing in for historical ones. Portraits: each credited with its author, licence and source on the readable page. Relief: Esri World Physical Map. Narration: Azure neural voice.
A narrated polity atlas · 1600–1660

Bornu, 1600–1660

How did the heirs of Idris Alooma hold his empire together, and why did the pashas of Tripoli end up asking Bornu for its trade?
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