⌂ Atlas ☰ Read as a page The thread: How did a monarchy that made peace with England and the Dutch by 1609 come, by 1660, to lose Portugal and cede provinces to France?
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Key

The Spanish Monarchy The Dutch Republic France England The Emperor Braganza Portugal Catalonia in revolt bond — succession, office, alliance conflict — war, revolt, prosecution

Sources & method

  1. Twelve Years' Truce: the Hague talks of 1608 (Spinola, Oldenbarnevelt), Maurice's refusal, the suspension of payments of 9 Nov 1607, the truce signed at Antwerp on 9 Apr 1609 — source
  2. Expulsion of the Moriscos: decreed 9 Apr 1609 under Lerma and Archbishop Juan de Ribera; 1609–1614, some 275,000–300,000 expelled — source
  3. Duke of Lerma: valido from 1598, cardinal 26 Mar 1618, sent from court 4 Oct 1618, ousted by his son Uceda with the confessor Aliaga — source
  4. Cristóbal Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Uceda — Diccionario Biográfico, Real Academia de la Historia — source
  5. Baltasar de Zúñiga: ambassador at Vienna 1608–1617, foreign policy 1618–1622, the renewal of the Dutch war, uncle of Olivares — source
  6. Count-Duke of Olivares: Zúñiga's nephew, the Union of Arms, the 1640 revolts, dismissed January 1643 — source
  7. War of the Mantuan Succession: Nevers's inheritance, the sieges of Casale, the Pass of Susa, Spinola's death, Mazarin's truce, Cherasco 1631 — source
  8. Battle in the Bay of Matanzas, 8 Sep 1628 (11.5 million guilders) and the siege of 's-Hertogenbosch it helped pay for — source
  9. Reapers' War: the Corpus de Sang, Pau Claris, Louis XIII as Count of Barcelona, Montjuïc, the surrender of Barcelona in 1652 — source
  10. Portuguese Restoration War: the Lisbon coup of 1 Dec 1640, John IV, the Lines of Elvas 1659, recognition in 1668 — source
  11. Battle of the Dunes, 14 Jun 1658: Turenne and Cromwell's troops against Juan José and Condé; Dunkirk handed to England — source
  12. Traité des Pyrénées: the clauses on Roussillon, Cerdanya, Artois (save Aire and Saint-Omer), the northern towns, Condé's pardon and the dowry of 500,000 écus — source
Method. The chain of people follows a sourced account of the polity, 1600–1660; every claim the narration makes was checked against the sources above. Borders: historical-basemaps (A. Ourednik, GPL-3.0), the c.1600 snapshot, simplified — schematic, the right states in roughly the right places. Territorial changes: modern provinces (Natural Earth) or later snapshots standing in for historical ones. Portraits: each credited with its author, licence and source on the readable page. Relief: Esri World Physical Map. Narration: Azure neural voice.
A narrated polity atlas · 1600–1660

Spain, 1600–1660

How did a monarchy that made peace with England and the Dutch by 1609 come, by 1660, to lose Portugal and cede provinces to France?
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