⌂ Atlas ☰ Read as a page The thread: How did the sultans Portugal set up in Mombasa become its enemies, and the coast turn to Oman?
 —

Key

Mombasa's sultans and the Swahili towns The Portuguese (Goa and Fort Jesus) Oman bond — succession, office, alliance conflict — war, revolt, prosecution

Sources & method

  1. A. I. Salim, 'East Africa: the coast', in UNESCO General History of Africa V (1992), ch. 25: Ahmad, Hasan, Yusuf, the Pemba lease, the 1631 rising, Pate and Oman — source
  2. J. Aldrick, 'The story of Yusuf bin Hassan aka Dom Jeronimo, the last Swahili sultan of Mombasa' (Ukombozi Review, 2021), from Bocarro, de Barros and the Vatican inquiry — source
  3. Yusuf ibn al-Hasan — Wikipedia (after R. Hall, Empires of the Monsoon, pp. 270–280) — source
  4. Martyrs of Mombasa — Wikipedia (the August 1631 killings and the Goa inquiry of 1632) — source
  5. D. Miguel de Noronha (1585–1647) — Encyclopaedia of Portuguese Expansion: the loss of Mombasa and the relief of 1632 — source
  6. T. Vernet, 'Porosité des frontières … les cités-États swahili de l'archipel de Lamu (vers 1600-1800)', Afriques 1 (2010): Cabreira's terms for Pate, 10 January 1637 — source
  7. J. Kenny, The Catholic Church in Tropical Africa, ch. 1: Mombasa, the 1631 rising, Oman 1650–1661 — source
  8. Captains-major of Mombasa, 1593–1698 — World Statesmen — source
  9. I. Samuel, 'Forgotten cities of the Swahili coast: Pemba' (after Strandes and Vernet): the lease of Pemba, 1605; the raid on Zanzibar — source
  10. Sultan bin Saif — Wikipedia (imamate from 1649, Muscat taken January 1650) — source
  11. 'From Zanzibar to Kilwa: Omani forts in East Africa', Fort 47 (2019): the 1660 expedition at Pate's request — source
Method. The chain of people follows a sourced account of the polity, 1600–1660; every claim the narration makes was checked against the sources above. Borders: historical-basemaps (A. Ourednik, GPL-3.0), the c.1600 snapshot, simplified — schematic, the right states in roughly the right places. Territorial changes: modern provinces (Natural Earth) or later snapshots standing in for historical ones. Portraits: each credited with its author, licence and source on the readable page. Relief: Esri World Physical Map. Narration: Azure neural voice.
A narrated polity atlas · 1600–1660

Mombasa and the Swahili coast, 1600–1660

How did the sultans Portugal set up in Mombasa become its enemies, and the coast turn to Oman?
Scroll to drive the map, or press begin for the narrated film. Scrub backward and everything un-draws.
or read it as a page, with still maps